The Wind Forcing can be accessed under the Hydrodynamics tab as shown in Figure 1. Right-mouse click the Wind Forcing, the Wind Data form provides access to create and edit wind series (WSER.INP). The wind sheltering coefficient can be assigned using the Sheltering button and/or edited in 2DH View. If more than one wind series is being used, it is necessary to distribute the wind field assignments. This is done using the Series Weighting function described below.

Figure 1. Hydrodynamics Option: Wind Forcing.

Wind Series

EE has the ability to add multiple winds, atmospheric, and ice stations. Stations may be defined and edited with the Edit button as shown in Figure 2. The user may also set a number of wind drag options from the Drag Options dropdown box, including Original, Original Relative U/V, Hersbach 2011 (ECMW), and COARE3.6 Simplified. The Original Relative U/V option computes wind drag using the original EFDC wind drag approach but takes into account the surface water velocities. The other two show the technical reference for their respective approaches.

Figure 2. Hydrodynamics Option: Wind Data.

The user may set the coordinates of the wind series with the Show Params button in the Wind BC Time Series Editing as shown in Figure 3. EE will use the X and Y coordinates in the value column for display purposes. If the user has not entered the X and Y values, then EE will automatically calculate X and Y coordinates based on the lat/long values provided. However, if both are entered, it should be noted that EE will use the X and Y coordinates.

Figure 3. Wind Data Series: Station Coordinate Setting.

Series Weighting

EE provides a flexible station weighting methodology for map files when handling multiple atmospheric, wind, and ice series. Each of these time series has a corresponding map file when there are multiple series. EE handles the calculation of the station weighting, and the input files for EFDC use the format described below.  The series weighting gives users a simple tool for managing the data and stations for wind, ice, and atmospheric data. This approach allows EE to display the stations in a grid format with a quality index that indicates how the user rates each time series and time block within that series.

An example of a model domain with three wind stations is shown in Figure 4. This example has three stations WSER_1, WSER_2, and WSER_3. These have a total of different six-time series for wind, as shown in Figure 5.

Figure 4. Wind weighting in 2DH View.

Figure 5. Wind Map: Default quality indexes for wind stations and time series.

In Figure 4, the default quality indexes have been set by EE after selecting the Generate by Time Series Data button. EE automatically generates the quality index with the maximum value of one for the defaults, which is 1. The user now needs to provide each time series with a quality index from 0 to 1. This weighting is based on users' judgment of the quality of this data series based on various factors. If the user knows of no problems with the series, then they would give it a rating of 1. However, often various factors will influence the quality of a time series and cause the user to downgrade the series, such as the distance from the model domain or an intervening geographical feature. In this case, a lower value for the quality index will be selected. If another time series is available for that period with a higher weighting, it will have a greater impact on the model. 

Each time series can be separated into many parts to set different quality/influence levels if necessary.  EE will use the values provided in the Wind Map Spatial Rating table to generate the WNDMAP.INP file, an example of which is provided in the appendix. This file contains the calendar interval (Julian day) for which the following map is valid, and then the on each row is  I, J, and weighting for each time series. This makes the format similar to EFDC GVC WNDMAP.INP file, however, it should be noted that GVC has specific requirements for these header files (six comment lines only). In a similar way, atmospheric series (ASER.INP), and ice series (ISER.INP) have map files which are ATMMAP.INP and ICEMAP.INP, respectively.

The weighting map that EE generates is based on the inverse squared distances from the cells to the stations and the qualitative coefficients for each time series. It includes the number of maps and the corresponding blocks of weighting coefficients. The first row of each block is the beginning time, ending time, and the qualitative coefficients. The remaining part of the block is the map of true weighting coefficients, including LA-1 data rows (L=2, LA). The true weighting coefficients are calculated as follows:

Where

N: the total number of time series (N the number of stations) where MASER represents in ASER.INP, WSER.INP, and ISER.INP,

XS(n), YS(n): UTM coordinates of one station to get time series,

XC(L), YC(L): UTM coordinates of the cell L,

L: index of a cell,

α_n: qualitative coefficient of each time series

EFDC then reads the true weighting coefficients from the map file to calculate the averaged value V(L) of each cell for every time step by:

Wind Rose Plotting

A wind rose plotting function is now available within the data series editing form for winds. Selecting the Wind Rose button as shown in Figure 6 prompts the user to input the start and end time for the rose data set to be displayed. After entering these data, the wind rose is displayed as shown in Figure 7.

Figure 6. Boundary Conditions: Rose Plots for Winds.

Figure 7. Example of a Wind Rose Plot.

A number of export functions are provided, including metafile and bitmap. The user can also customize the rose format by RMC on the rose and click on Setting or click on the setting button in the toolbar. The Rose Settings window is shown in Figure 8.

Figure 8. Rose Plot Settings.